Popular programming languages

All popular programming languages, for each one the description and why to choose it, a link to a detailed card and another to a sample of code calculating the Fibonacci series. It will help you choose the language best suited to a project.

Complete list	Description	Why use it?
BASIC	This very old language (1964) was improved by Microsoft, with a complete programming environment. Other portages exist. More - Code	Scripting Microsoft's software (Word etc...), dynamic web pages (ASP) on Windows servers, or apps with Visual Basic.
C	C offers great freedom, and lot of debugging challenge thanks to pointers and memory management. More - Code	Suffering slow programming to make fast programs. For system programming.
C++	C++ is C plus objects, an extended library, templates. More - Code	System programming as C but allow larger project, or applications and games.
C#	Concurrent to java, C Sharp runs on .NET or Portable NET, Mono. More - Code	More modern than Java for desktop or web apps. May share resources with other languages under a common runtime.
Eiffel, Sather	Object-oriented, with "programming per contract" and other secure features. Sather is an open source implementation. More - Code	Programming secured applications. Used by hospitals.
Go	System language designed to be compiled quickly. It replaces C++ and Python thanks to its integrated garbage collector. More - Code	Language deliberately simplified to make scripts and concurrent Web services, easy to maintain, quickly compiled, which scales. For servers mainly.
Java	Was designed to be portable and to replace C++. More - Code	For cross-platform applications, web services and mobile phone apps under Android.
JavaScript, ECMAScript	JavaScript has been invented to build dynamic client-side html pages, ECMAScript is the standardized version. More - Code	For interactivity in web pages and applications, interfaces. Used with HTML 5 for immersive apps. Building an app server side with Node.js or local with Electron.
Julia	Multi-purpose language with scientific capacities, a clear syntax, compatible with LLVM. More - Code	Suitable for scientific calculations and cloud computing.
Pascal	Old language (1970), improved with objects, imposes a strictly structured programming. More - Code	Teaching, or client/server apps with Delphi.
PHP	Designed to be embedded inside HTML to build dynamic Web pages or update them from databases. More - Code	Server-side scripting, producing HTML pages from data. The version 5 targets Web services.
Kotlin	Alternative to Java with less verbose syntax Kotlin	Android mobile programming
Python	A modern interpreted language with powerful built-in features and a unique indentation feature to shorten coding. The Jython version compiles in Java bytecode. More - Code	Easy to learn, to programm quickly. Powerful and easy to learn. Making scripts of small web services, or scientific apps. Java scripting with Jython.
Scala	Procedural, functional and object-oriented programming language. More - Code	Offers a more compact syntax than Java on the virtual machine, improves productivity.
Swift	Inspired by simplified syntax of scripting languages, it replaces Objective C. More - Code	Mobile applications for iPhone, Local and server on MacOS.
TypeScript	Modernized version of JavaScript with classes, interfaces, modules. More - Code	To make large JavaScript applications, and facilitate reusability of code for web applications.
Ruby	Designed with simplicity in mind. It is interpreted, and has a proprietary but extensible library. More - Code	Writing scripts more easily. Using Ruby on Rails for Web applications.
Rust	Created to overcome the disadvantages of C ++, mainly its insecurity. Obscure syntax. Uses LLVM. More - Code	System programming with secure memory management, or production of WebAssembly code.
Tcl	A scripting language, easy to learn and available on any platform. More - Code	Scripting of portable programs with GUI, and web programming by CGI.
Dart	Language interpreted JIT running server side or converted to JavaScript. More - Code	Building iOS and Android apps with the same language and framework.
Objective C	Alternative to C++ on Apple computers mainly. Code	Native applications on iPhone and iPad.
Perl	A scripting interpreted language. Readabillity and ease of use are not the goal. Perl - Code	Mainly used by networks administrators and for small CGI scripts.
ASP	Scripting language, server-side, for dynamic web pages by Microsoft, same syntax as Basic. ASP - Code	Producing HTML pages from data, but under Windows servers only.
Erlang	Functional and concurrent language where the work is divided in processes. Erlang - Code	Server-side processing for a site in expansion with massive requests. Whatsapp is made entirely with Erlang.
Elixir	Erlang features with a syntax close to Ruby, it offers an alternative to the first. Elixir	Replaces Erlang with a more readable syntax.
Assembler	This is near the machine language and the fastest. You should never use it, as older programmers did.	Making graphic subroutines, drivers or industrial processing.
Lua	Add-on or standalone language with extensible semantic. Lua - Code	Game programming, embedded scripting.
Cobol	Business language still used on big computers. Code	Maintaining old programs on mainframes.
Fortran	One of the first languages, always used for mathematical tasks. Fortran - Code	Has huge library for scientific calculations.
Lisp / Scheme /	Lisp is a very old language designed for artificial intelligence, processes lists only. Scheme is a modernized version of Lisp. Scheme - Code	Artificial intelligence and scripting.
Prolog	For logic programming, based on Horn's clauses. More - Code	Artificial intelligence and problem solving.
Haskell	Functional programming. Slow and memory consuming. Haskell - Code	To try programming in a more mathematical way.
Caml, Ocalm	Functional languages, Ocalm is object-oriented. Caml - Code	Used by universities. Can help to build a compiler.
CoffeeScript	Frontend to JavaScript. CoffeeScript - Code	Applications on Node.js or web apps. Tends to be overshadowed by TypeScript.
D	C modernized with objects and memory handling. D	System programming.
R	For statistics and analytical data processing. R	Design of statistical software. A more general language like Julia may also be suitable.
SQL	Language of data processing. MySQL	For databases queries.
WebAssembly	Intermediate language designed as a bytecode for web pages. More - Code	To accelerate JavaScript or replace it with other languages, on the Web or locally.

Languages implemented on the Java Virtual Machine (JVM):

Python, Ruby, Scala, NetRexx, Groovy, JavaScript (Rhino and Nashorn), Prolog, Clojure.

Designed specifically to run on LLVM:

Julia, Rust, Swift.

These programming languages have a .NET implementation:

Basic, C#, C++, Cobol, Pascal, Perl, Python (IronPython), Scala, Lisp (Clojure), Java and lot or others.

May be compiled to JavaScript:

TypeScript, Dart, CoffeeScript, C# (DuoCode), Clojure, OCaml, F#, Lisp (Clojure), Java (GWT), Scala and Scriptol.

May be compiled to WebAssembly:

Asm.js, C, C++, Rust, Go, C#, Swift, Scala, TypeScript.